| Introduction
Sodium Benzoate
And Benzoic Acid Near To Natural Product
Benzoic Acid in free State or in the form of salts is widely
distributed in nature. Gum Benzoin from styrax benzoin, Acaroid
resin from Xanthorrhoca haslilis, scent gland of beaver, the
bark of wild cherry tree, ripe cloves and oil of anise seed
contain Benzoic acid.
Sodium salt of Benzoic acid-sodium Benzoate and Benzoic Acid
are near to natural product.
The Safest Food Preservative :
Sodium Benzoate and Benzoic Acid are employed in a wide range
of preservative applications because of its combination of
bactericidal and bacteriostatic action with non-toxicity and
tastelessness. They are the most effective preservatives against
yeast and mould.
They have been listed in FDA OF U.S.A. and in Food chemical
Codex. Sodium Benzoate & Benzoic Acid have also been recommended
in Prevention of Food Adulteration Act.
Healthy individual may tolerate 0.5 g benzoate per day in
concentration of 0.1% without any ill effect. The Benzoate
are rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract. They are detoxified in the liver by conjugation with
glycine resulting in hippuric acid formation. Body eliminates
hippuric acid by urination. It is the safest food additive
with non-toxocity, no side effect and tastelessness. It is
environmentally safe and no precautions are required for storage,
handling and processing.
Benzoic Acid has germicidal property but its limited solubility
in water is modified by its sodium salt. It is the benzoic
molecule itself that imparts germicidal property to the product.
The World of Caution for Quality Conscious Manufacturers
:
Benzoic Acid is also produced from the route of chlorination
of Benzaldehyde to benzotrichloride, and finally converted
to Benzoic Acid, The final products contains many harmful
carcinogenic organic chloride. The other route of manufacturing
of Benzoic Acid is from Methyl benzoate available as by-product
from DMT. The final product obtained contains lot of impurities
including degraded polymeric impurities. Benzoic Acid and
Sodium Benzoate manufactured from these routes, do not conform
to standard or purity, required for food and pharmaceutical
grade product. They may be cheaper, but the final food products
in which they are used, will contain several undesirable impurities,
which make it unsafe for human consumption. It will incur
financial loss at the end.
| |
SODIUM
BENZOATE |
BENZOIC
ACID |
| Synonym
|
Sodium
Salt of Benzene Carboxylic acid Sodium Salt of Phenylcarboxylic
acid. |
Benzene
Carboxylic acid phenylcarboxylic acid. |
| Molecular
Formula |
C7H5O2Na |
C7H6O2 |
| Molecular
Weight |
144.11 |
122.12 |
| CAS
No. |
[532-32-1] |
[65-85-0] |
| Category |
Food
Preservative, Pharmaceutical aid |
Food
Preservative Pharmaceutical aid |
| Grades |
Edible
pharmaceutical Technical |
Edible
pharmaceutical Technical |
Application of Sodium Benzoate and Benzoic Acid
Name of Food Prodcuts
- Squashes
- Barley Water
- Brewed Ginger
Beer
- Tomato &
Other Sauces
- Crushes
- Jam, Marmalade
- Sweetend Mineral
Water & Ready to serve Beverages
- Tomato Pure
& Paste
- Fruit Syrups
- Fruit Jelly
- Pickles &
Chutney from Fruits & Vegetable
- Dannish Tinned
Carrier
- Fruit Juice
- Coffee Extract
- Cooked Pickled
Meat, Ham, Bacon
- Syrup &
Sherbet
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic industry use Sodium Benzoate
in :
- Tooth Paste
& Tooth Powder
- Tobacco Paste
& Glue
- Starch
Sodium Benzoate is also used with Fumaric Acid and Boric
Acid for preservation of fish. Bacteriostatic and fungicidal
properties of Sodium Benzoate are used in preservation of
fish. Excellent solubility in water, complete non-toxicity
and no side effects of sodium Benzoate, make an excellent
synergy with boric acid and Fumaric Acid for manufacture of
ice. Prolongs the shelf-life of fish for a very long period
without affecting its texture, taste and appearance.
Benzoic Acid I.P Grade
| Medicine
|
Bacteriostatic
and Bactdficidal agent, Preservative against yeast and
mould. |
| Disinfectant
Powder for Skin |
Antimicrobial
property of Benzoic Acid is used. It acts as antiseptic
stimulant. |
| Ointment |
Ingredient
in Whitfield's ointment in treatment of ringworm. |
Sodium Benzoate
| |
IS
4447-1967 |
IP |
BP |
USP |
| Description
|
White
Odourless Amorphous powder/ Flakes |
White Amorphours
Granular or Crystaline powder odourless or with a faint
odour; Taste, unpleasant sweetish
& Saline |
White
Crystalline or granular powder or flakes slightly hygroscopic |
White
Crystalline or granular powder or flakes slightly hygroscopic |
| Solubility
|
Freely
soluble in water sparingly soluble in alcohol |
Freely
soluble in water sparingly soluble in alcohol |
Soluble
in 2 parts of water and in 90 parts of Ethanol (96%) |
|
| Purity
expressed as C7H5O2Na%
By mass on Dry basis |
99.0
(Min.) |
99.0
(Min.) |
99.0
(Min.) |
99.0
(Min.) |
| Readily
Oxidisable Substance |
Conforms |
|
|
|
| Readily
Carbonisable Substance |
Conforms |
|
|
|
| Chlorinated
Organic Compound |
Conforms |
|
|
|
| Chlorinated
Compound |
|
Conforms |
|
|
| Arsenic
mg/kg |
3.0
Max. |
2
Max |
|
3
Max. |
| Lead
mg/kg. |
10
Max. |
|
|
|
| Heavy
Metals |
|
20PPM |
10PPM |
10PPM |
| Moisture |
1.5
% Max. |
1.5%
max. |
2.0%
max. |
1.5%
max.. |
| Halogenated
Compounds |
|
|
Conforms |
|
| Clarity
& Colour of Solution |
|
|
Clear&
Colourless |
|
| Acidity
or Alkalinity |
0.5
ML (MAX) of 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N H2SO4 |
0.5
ML (MAX) of 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N H2SO4 |
0.2
ML (MAX) of 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N HCI |
0.2
ML (MAX) of 0.1 N H2SO4 |
| Chloride
|
|
Conforms |
|
|
| Sulphate |
|
Conforms |
|
|
BENZOIC
ACID
| |
IS
4448-1967 |
IP |
BP |
USP |
| Description |
White
Flakes or Crystals with a faint characteristic odour. |
Colourless,
Light crystals scales or needles, odour,
slight and characterstic |
Colourless,
Crystals or white crystalline powder, odourless
or slight characterstic odour. |
Colourless,
Crystals or white crystalline powder, odourless
or slight characteristic odour. |
| Solubility
|
Freely
soluble in ethanol sparingly soluble in water |
Slightly
soluble in water. Soluble in ethanol, chloroform,ether |
Slightly
soluble in water. Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether |
|
| Purity
expressed as C7H6O2Na%
By mass on Dry basis |
99.5
(Min.) |
99.5
(Min.) |
99.0
(Min.) |
99.5
(Min.) |
| Readily
Oxidisable Substance |
Conforms |
Conforms |
Conforms |
Conforms |
| Readily
Carbonisable Substance |
Conforms |
Conforms |
Conforms |
Conforms |
| Chlorinated
Organic Compound |
Conforms |
|
|
|
| Chlorinated
Compound |
|
Conforms |
|
|
| Melting
Range'C |
121.5-123.5 |
121-123 |
121-124 |
121-123 |
| Aresenic
mg/kg. |
3.0
Max. |
2
Max. |
|
3
Max. |
| Lead
mg/kg. |
10
Max |
|
|
|
| Heavy
Metals |
10PPM. |
10PPM. |
10PPM. |
10PPM. |
| Cinnamic
Acid |
|
Conforms |
|
|
| Sulphated
Ash |
|
0.1%
max |
0.1%
max |
|
| Residue
on Ignition |
|
|
|
0.005%
max |
| Moisture |
|
0.7%
max |
|
0.7%
max |
| Halogenated
Compounds and Halides |
|
|
Conforms |
|
| Clarity
and colour of solution |
|
|
Clear
and colourless |
|
Anti
-microbial spectrum of Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate against
Bacteria, Yeast and Fungi
| Microorganisms
|
pH |
M.I.C.
(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) (PPM) |
| Bacteria |
|
|
| Bacillus
cereus |
6.3 |
500 |
| Esherichia
coli |
5.2-5.6 |
50-120 |
| Lactobacillus
sp. |
4.3-6.0 |
300-1800 |
| Listeria
Monocytogenes |
5.6
(21'C) |
3000 |
| |
5.6
(4'C) |
2000 |
| Micrococcus
sp. |
5.5-5.6 |
50-100 |
| Pseudomonas
sp. |
6.0 |
200-480 |
| Streptococcus
sp. |
5.2
- 5.6 |
200-400
|
| Yeasts
|
| Sporogenicyeasts |
2.6-4.5 |
20-200 |
| Asporogenic
yeasts |
4.0-5.0 |
70-150 |
| Candida
krusei |
|
300-700 |
| Debaryomyces
hansenii |
4.8 |
500 |
| Hansenula
sp. |
4.0 |
180 |
| Hansenula
subpelliculosa |
|
200-300 |
| Oospora
lactis |
|
300 |
| Pichia
membrabefaciens |
|
700 |
| Pichia
pastori |
|
300 |
| Rhodotorula
sp. |
|
100-200 |
| Saccharomyces
bayanus |
4.0 |
330 |
| Torulopsis
Sp. |
|
200-500 |
| Zygosaccharomyces
ballili |
4.8 |
4500 |
| Zygosaccharomyces
rouxii |
4.8 |
1000 |
| Fungi
|
| Alternaria
solani |
5.0 |
1500 |
| Aspergillus
sp. |
3.0-5.0 |
20-300 |
| Aspergillus
parasiticus |
5.5 |
More
than 4000 |
| Aspergillus
niger |
5.0 |
2000 |
| Byssochlamys
nivea |
3.3 |
500 |
| Chaetomonium
globosum |
5.0 |
1000 |
| Cladosporium
herbarum |
5.1 |
100 |
| Mucor
racemosus |
5.0 |
30-120 |
| Penicillium
Sp. |
2.6-5.0 |
30-280 |
| Penicillium
citrinum |
5.0 |
2000 |
| Penicillium
glaucum |
5.0 |
400=500 |
| Rhizopus
nigricans |
5.0 |
30-120
|
| Minimum
Inhibitory concentration of Benzoic Acid for yeasts |
| Yeast |
Minimum
Inhibitory concentration of Benzoic Acid (PPM) |
| Kluveomyces
fragilis |
173 |
| Kloeckera
apiculata |
188 |
| Pichica
ohmeri |
200 |
| Hansenula
anomala |
223 |
| Saccharomyces
cerevisiae |
170-450 |
| Zygosaccharomyces
rouxii |
242-330 |
| Zygosaccharomyces
bisporus |
200-350 |
| Candida
krusei |
440 |
| Saccharomycodes
Iudwigii |
500-600 |
| Schizosaccharomyces
pombe |
500-567 |
| Zygosaccharomyces
bailii |
600-1300 |
|
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