| Introduction
Sodium Benzoate And Benzoic Acid Near To Natural Product
Benzoic Acid in free State or in
the form of salts is widely distributed in nature. Gum Benzoin
from styrax benzoin, Acaroid resin from Xanthorrhoca haslilis,
scent gland of beaver, the bark of wild cherry tree, ripe
cloves and oil of anise seed contain Benzoic acid.
Sodium salt of Benzoic acid-sodium Benzoate and Benzoic Acid
are near to natural product.
The Safest Food Preservative
Sodium Benzoate and Benzoic Acid are employed in a wide range of preservative
applications because of its combination of bactericidal and
bacteriostatic action with non-toxicity and tastelessness.
They are the most effective preservatives against yeast and
mould.
They have been listed in FDA OF U.S.A. and in Food chemical
Codex. Sodium Benzoate & Benzoic Acid have also been recommended
in Prevention of Food Adulteration Act.
Healthy individual may tolerate 0.5 g benzoate per day in
concentration of 0.1% without any ill effect. The Benzoate
are rapidly and almost completely
absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. They are detoxified
in the liver by conjugation with glycine resulting in hippuric
acid formation. Body eliminates hippuric acid by urination.
It is the safest food additive with non-toxocity, no side
effect and tastelessness. It is environmentally safe and no
precautions are required for storage, handling and processing.
Benzoic Acid has germicidal property but its limited solubility
in water is modified by its sodium salt. It is the benzoic
molecule itself that imparts germicidal property to the product.
The World of Caution for Quality Conscious Manufacturers
Benzoic Acid is also produced from the route of chlorination
of Benzaldehyde to benzotrichloride, and finally converted
to Benzoic Acid, The final products contains many harmful
carcinogenic organic chloride. The other route of manufacturing
of Benzoic Acid is from Methyl benzoate available as by-product
from DMT. The final product obtained contains lot of impurities
including degraded polymeric impurities. Benzoic Acid and
Sodium Benzoate manufactured from these routes,
do not conform to standard or purity, required for food and
pharmaceutical grade product. They may be cheaper, but the
final food products in which they are used, will contain several
undesirable impurities, which make it unsafe for human consumption.
It will incur financial loss at the end.
| |
SODIUM
BENZOATE |
BENZOIC
ACID |
| Synonym
|
Sodium
Salt of Benzene Carboxylic acid Sodium Salt of Phenylcarboxylic
acid. |
Benzene
Carboxylic acid phenylcarboxylic acid. |
| Molecular
Formula |
C7H5O2Na |
C7H6O2 |
| Molecular
Weight |
144.11 |
122.12 |
| CAS
No. |
[532-32-1] |
[65-85-0] |
| Category |
Food
Preservative, Pharmaceutical aid |
Food
Preservative Pharmaceutical aid |
| Grades |
Edible
pharmaceutical Technical |
Edible
pharmaceutical Technical |
Application of Sodium Benzoate and Benzoic Acid
:
Name of Food Prodcuts :
- Squashes
- Barley Water
- Brewed Ginger
Beer
- Tomato &
Other Sauces
- Crushes
- Jam, Marmalade
- Sweetend Mineral
Water & Ready to serve Beverages
- Tomato Pure
& Paste
- Fruit Syrups
- Fruit Jelly
- Pickles &
Chutney from Fruits & Vegetable
- Dannish Tinned
Carrier
- Fruit Juice
- Coffee Extract
- Cooked Pickled
Meat, Ham, Bacon
- Syrup &
Sherbet
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic industry use Sodium Benzoate
in :
- Tooth Paste
& Tooth Powder
- Tobacco Paste
& Glue
- Starch
Sodium Benzoate
is also used with Fumaric Acid and Boric Acid for preservation
of fish.
Bacteriostatic
and fungicidal properties of Sodium Benzoate are used in preservation
of fish. Excellent solubility in water, complete non-toxicity
and no side effects of sodium Benzoate, make an excellent
synergy with boric acid and Fumaric Acid for manufacture of
ice. Prolongs the shelf-life of fish for
a very long period without affecting its texture, taste and
appearance.
Benzoic Acid I.P Grade
| Medicine |
Bacteriostatic
and Bactdficidal agent, Preservative against yeast and
mould. |
| Disinfectant
Powder for Skin |
Antimicrobial
property of Benzoic Acid is used. It acts as antiseptic
stimulant. |
| Ointment |
Ingredient in
Whitfield's ointment in treatment of ringworm. |
Sodium Benzoate
| |
IS 4447-1967 |
IP |
BP |
USP |
| Description
|
White Odourless
Amorphous powder/ Flakes |
White Amorphours
Granular or Crystaline powder odourless
or with a faint odour; Taste, unpleasant sweetish
& Saline |
White Crystalline
or granular powder or flakes slightly hygroscopic |
White Crystalline
or granular powder or flakes slightly hygroscopic |
| Solubility |
Freely soluble
in water sparingly soluble in alcohol |
Freely soluble
in water sparingly soluble in alcohol |
Soluble in 2
parts of water and in 90 parts of Ethanol (96%) |
|
| Purity expressed
as C7H5O2Na%
By mass on Dry basis |
99.0
(Min.) |
99.0 (Min.) |
99.0 (Min.) |
99.0 (Min.) |
| Readily Oxidisable
Substance |
Conforms |
|
|
|
| Readily Carbonisable
Substance |
Conforms |
|
|
|
| Chlorinated
Organic Compound |
Conforms |
|
|
|
| Chlorinated
Compound |
|
Conforms |
|
|
| Arsenic mg/kg |
3.0 Max. |
2 Max |
|
3 Max. |
| Lead mg/kg. |
10
Max. |
|
|
|
| Heavy Metals |
|
20PPM |
10PPM |
10PPM |
| Moisture |
1.5 % Max. |
1.5% max. |
2.0% max. |
1.5% max.. |
| Halogenated
Compounds |
|
|
Conforms |
|
| Clarity &
Colour of Solution |
|
|
Clear& Colourless |
|
| Acidity or Alkalinity |
0.5 ML (MAX) of
0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N H2SO4 |
0.5 ML (MAX)
of 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N H2SO4 |
0.2 ML (MAX)
of 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N HCI |
0.2 ML (MAX)
of 0.1 N H2SO4 |
| Chloride |
|
Conforms |
|
|
| Sulphate |
|
Conforms |
|
|
BENZOIC ACID
| |
IS
4448-1967 |
IP |
BP |
USP |
| Description |
White Flakes
or Crystals with a faint characteristic odour. |
Colourless,
Light crystals scales or needles, odour, slight
and characterstic |
Colourless,
Crystals or white crystalline powder, odourless
or slight characterstic odour. |
Colourless,
Crystals or white crystalline powder, odourless
or slight characteristic odour. |
| Solubility |
Freely soluble
in ethanol sparingly soluble in water |
Slightly soluble
in water. Soluble in ethanol, chloroform,ether |
Slightly soluble
in water. Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether |
|
| Purity expressed
as C7H6O2Na%
By mass on Dry basis |
99.5 (Min.) |
99.5 (Min.) |
99.0 (Min.) |
99.5 (Min.) |
| Readily Oxidisable
Substance |
Conforms |
Conforms |
Conforms |
Conforms |
| Readily Carbonisable
Substance |
Conforms |
Conforms |
Conforms |
Conforms |
| Chlorinated
Organic Compound |
Conforms |
|
|
|
| Chlorinated
Compound |
|
Conforms |
|
|
| Melting Range'C |
121.5-123.5 |
121-123 |
121-124 |
121-123 |
| Aresenic
mg/kg. |
3.0 Max. |
2 Max. |
|
3 Max. |
| Lead mg/kg. |
10 Max |
|
|
|
| Heavy Metals |
10PPM. |
10PPM. |
10PPM. |
10PPM. |
| Cinnamic
Acid |
|
Conforms |
|
|
| Sulphated
Ash |
|
0.1% max |
0.1% max |
|
| Residue on Ignition |
|
|
|
0.005% max |
| Moisture |
|
0.7% max |
|
0.7% max |
| Halogenated
Compounds and Halides |
|
|
Conforms |
|
| Clarity and
colour of solution |
|
|
Clear and colourless |
|
Anti -microbial spectrum of Benzoic Acid
and Sodium Benzoate against Bacteria, Yeast and Fungi
| Microorganisms
|
pH |
M.I.C.
(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) (PPM) |
| Bacteria |
|
|
| Bacillus cereus |
6.3 |
500 |
| Esherichia
coli |
5.2-5.6 |
50-120 |
| Lactobacillus
sp. |
4.3-6.0 |
300-1800 |
| Listeria
Monocytogenes |
5.6 (21'C) |
3000 |
| |
5.6 (4'C) |
2000 |
| Micrococcus
sp. |
5.5-5.6 |
50-100 |
| Pseudomonas
sp. |
6.0 |
200-480 |
| Streptococcus sp. |
5.2 - 5.6 |
200-400 |
| Yeasts
|
| Sporogenicyeasts |
2.6-4.5 |
20-200 |
| Asporogenic
yeasts |
4.0-5.0 |
70-150 |
| Candida krusei |
|
300-700 |
| Debaryomyces
hansenii |
4.8 |
500 |
| Hansenula sp. |
4.0 |
180 |
| Hansenula subpelliculosa |
|
200-300 |
| Oospora
lactis |
|
300 |
| Pichia
membrabefaciens |
|
700 |
| Pichia
pastori |
|
300 |
| Rhodotorula
sp. |
|
100-200 |
| Saccharomyces
bayanus |
4.0 |
330 |
| Torulopsis
Sp. |
|
200-500 |
| Zygosaccharomyces
ballili |
4.8 |
4500 |
| Zygosaccharomyces
rouxii |
4.8 |
1000 |
| Fungi
|
| Alternaria
solani |
5.0 |
1500 |
| Aspergillus
sp. |
3.0-5.0 |
20-300 |
| Aspergillus
parasiticus |
5.5 |
More than 4000 |
| Aspergillus
niger |
5.0 |
2000 |
| Byssochlamys
nivea |
3.3 |
500 |
| Chaetomonium
globosum |
5.0 |
1000 |
| Cladosporium
herbarum |
5.1 |
100 |
| Mucor
racemosus |
5.0 |
30-120 |
| Penicillium
Sp. |
2.6-5.0 |
30-280 |
| Penicillium
citrinum |
5.0 |
2000 |
| Penicillium
glaucum |
5.0 |
400=500 |
| Rhizopus
nigricans |
5.0 |
30-120 |
| Minimum
Inhibitory concentration of Benzoic Acid for yeasts |
| Yeast |
Minimum
Inhibitory concentration of Benzoic Acid (PPM) |
| Kluveomyces
fragilis |
173 |
| Kloeckera
apiculata |
188 |
| Pichica
ohmeri |
200 |
| Hansenula anomala |
223 |
| Saccharomyces
cerevisiae |
170-450 |
| Zygosaccharomyces
rouxii |
242-330 |
| Zygosaccharomyces
bisporus |
200-350 |
| Candida krusei |
440 |
| Saccharomycodes
Iudwigii |
500-600 |
| Schizosaccharomyces
pombe |
500-567 |
| Zygosaccharomyces
bailii |
600-1300 |
|
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